Macbeth Stylistic Devices

A. J. Wronski Shakespear Style Analysis Mr. Mettey English IV December 19, 2012 Macbeth Stylistic Devices In the play Macbeth, William Shakespear uses several stylistic devices. These devices help contribute meaning to the central themes of the play. One of the main devices used by Shakespear to convey the theme, the fall of man, is symbolism. Strange occurences, birds, and blood are all symbols that hlep convey this theme. The first examples of symbolism are the strange occurences after Duncan is murdered. After Duncan is murdered, Ross and the Old Man talk about many strange things that are happening.They talk about how its unusually dark when its daytime and how an owl attacked a falcon. They also talk about how Duncan's horses were acting strange and how they, â€Å"Turned wild in nature, broke their stalls, flung out, Contending ‘gainst obedience†(2. 4. 16-17). The fact that these strange occurrences happen right after Duncan's death means that they could symbolize his death or his downfall which supports the theme of the fall of man. The symbolism of birds also helps convey the theme of the fall of man. Birds are used many times throughout the play as symbols but once in particular before Duncan is murdered.While Lady Macbeth is talking about her thoughts to murder Duncan she says, â€Å"The raven himself is hoarse/ That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan†(1. 5. 36-37). Ravens are birds that usually symbolize death. This raven symbolizes the death of Duncan that is soon to come which conveys the fall of man as Duncan will soon fall. Blood is also a very strong symbol in this play. After Macbeth kills Duncan, his hands are stained with blood. Lady Macbeth tell him to just wash it off and forget about it but Macbeth can't do that.Macbeth questions if, â€Å"All great Neptune's ocean wash this blood/ clean from my hand†(2. 2. 58-59)? Macbeth is saying that nothing will ever be able to wash away the blood of Duncan off his hands. T his blood symbolizes the strength of Macbeths guilt and hints that that this guilt could possibly be his downfall in the future. The symbolism that Shakespear uses in Macbeth is very strong. Its helps clearly convey the theme of the fall of man. Through the use of the symbols of the strange occurences, birds, and blood the theme of the fall of man is clear throughout the play.

North Country

The North Country deals with the problem of sexual harassment faced by women workers in steel mine in northern Minnesota. The sexual harassment is not just by their male co-workers, but by the whole community that consists of the mine workers and their families. In doing so, it emphasizes a key fact such acts of gender-prejudice is not perpetrated by men alone, but are perpetrated by the society as a whole. Centuries of marginalization of women are viciously rationalized by one simple sentence by Sissy Spacek's character, â€Å"kids are your purpose, and the father brings home the money†. Josey Aimes, played by Charlize Theron, flees an abusive relationship, with two kids in tow, to move in with her parents. She tries out odd-jobs before somebody mentions that she could make six times as much by working in the steel mine. Her father, who has worked in the mine for the majority of his life, is not pleased with Josey's decision for him women just don't do such things. To start off, she is subjected to a far more intrusive medical exam than one would expect. Then, the torture begins; few outrageous acts passed off as fun, some explicit comments, actions, and some implicit gestures. All aimed at sending one message, women have no business doing a man's job. The women respond to these circumstances with whatever means accessible to them. But most of the recourses are fruitless, and taking a tremendous step might put their jobs at risk. The movie deals with the different facets of this problem in the most convincing of ways. The filmmakers are very ambitious in diving into the depths of this problem. This ambition almost derails the movie in the final act. While any woman in the present day could tell her own story of how sexual discrimination still exists, the world into which Josie entered was so abusive that one could only imagine it happening in a prison (Denny Wayman and Hal Conklin). For the women of this Minnesota mine, every day turned out to be an emotional and physical lockdown: feces smeared on the women’s lockers, direct rape attempts on the job, and continual jeers from the male miners made daily life a death sentence. The part of women in the workplace was a world of difference only 30 years ago. The TV images of Lucile Ball as the ditzy housewife who always deferred to her husband’s proficient ability to be the â€Å"bread winner† have given way to CSI Miami images of woman prosecutors extremely solving mystery cases week after week. What is most significant is that we never take for granted the sacrifice that was made. Unless we teach each new generation regarding the freedoms we have gained, we are always in danger of caving into our most sinful nature of greed, avarice, fear, and pride. REFERENCE Denny Wayman and Hal Conklin. North Country Stars – Profound.   

Encourage Children to Participate in Sports Essay

2. Participation in sports gives a child a higher level of self-esteem and a more positive outlook on life. 3. Children who participate in sports experience lower levels of depression. 4. Children who participate in sports have more positive body image and experience higher states of psychological well-being than those who do not play sports. 5. It teaches child teamwork, goal-setting, and the pursuit for excellence. 6. Adults that were active in sports and recreational activities feel greater confidence in their physical and social selves than those who were sedentary as kids. 7. Sports help develop leadership skills. 8. Children learn how to deal with failures and how it feels to be successful. 9. Sports can teach us to take appropriate risks and to be aggressive when needed. 10. Sports foster bonding friendships. 11. Children improve their skills. 12. Children who participate in sports perform routine physical activity that keeps them healthy. 13. Regular physical activity among children reduces risk for obesity. 14. Children who exercise weigh less; have lower levels of blood sugar, cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as lower blood pressure, than do non-exercising children. 15. Weight-bearing exercise can help prevent osteoporosis. 16. Studies have shown that exercise reduces many health risks. 17. The children that take part in sports are less likely to get involved into anti social activities. 18. Children who exercise report being happier, having more energy and feeling they are in excellent health more often than non-exercising children. They also miss fewer days of work. 19. Regular exercise improves the overall quality of life. 20. Children learn and understand the sport all while they are having FUN!!

Ecology (task 5) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ecology (task 5) - Coursework Example Other people enjoy seeing the pets on their sofa as they speak with their visitors. This issue is popular in the internet where we can see ads offering animals for sale. It threatens the survival of the animals. The capturing of wild animals is exploited by humans while this has lead to the extinction of some species. In addition, the animals are harvested from their natural habitat through painful methods. This can be considered a severe lack of animal welfare. This denies the animal its natural habitat and it is captivated at homes. Owners of the exotic animals may at some point feel bored with the animal and leave them to suffer from lack of water and food. The animal may finally die in a painful way. This means that the tiger is a tertiary carnivore and the main predator. This is also used to mean that no animal eats the tiger in the forest ecosystem. While the other animals feed on one another, the tiger rules the food chain and appears at the top whereby, no animal comes above it as its predator. The tiger keeps the populations of wild bore, deer and sambar as well as the other predators in balance. If the tiger is not present to control them, they would greatly expand. Their excessive population would therefore ravage their food source which is basically the vegetation. If the vegetation is overwhelmed, the smaller animals would not survive in the forest. If the small animals moved to the crops in farmlands, some basic food sources could be lost (Slade & Schwartz, 2011). This would cause serious impacts on human population. If plants stop growing in the jungle, soils become infertile and eventually the entire jungle fades away. These are the direct or the indirect contributions of the ecosystem to the well-being of human beings. Ecological services are therefore the benefits human beings obtain from the ecosystem. These may include fresh water, wood, food, medicines, pest control,

Management Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management Practices - Essay Example At Grandma’s Treats, there is a need to have a business model based on the concept of e-marketing and e-commerce. The owner of Grandma’s Treats could attract more customers and operate his business more effectively if he creates a website, advertises, and sells his "treats" on the World Wide Web. Interesting terms like e-tail or e-tailer are used to define online retailers these days. Almost every bid retailer has a presence on the internet and even the websites comparing prices of same product that available online from different vendors are present for the ease and comfort of the consumer. There are two forms of electronic commerce, one that is conducted between different businesses referred to as business-to-business or B2B and the other that is conducted between business and a consumer also called Business-to-consumer or B2C. In a B2B, there can be predefined business parties or arbitrary parties involved over the internet whereas B2C is primarily practiced with arb itrary consumers over the internet with the help of platforms like Facebook, E-bay, Amazon etc. Internet marketing as of 2007 is growing faster than other types of media because exposure, response, and overall efficiency of Internet media are easier to track than traditional off-line media—through the use of web analytics for instance—Internet marketing can offer a greater sense of accountability for advertisers. The whole of Media Campaign could be covered. The nature of the internet means businesses now have a truly global reach. While traditional media costs limit this kind of reach to huge multinationals, e-Marketing opens up new avenues for smaller businesses, on a much smaller budget, to access potential consumers from all over the world. Internet marketing allows the marketer to reach consumers in a wide range of ways and enables them to offer a wide range of products and

Colonial Legacies and Economic Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Colonial Legacies and Economic Growth - Essay Example This includes the kind of education and the way they educate the natives. I agree with Grier’s statement that education is an important component of growth and development. It will result to a more educated population capable of assuming the roles and responsibilities of governance that will eventually be in their hands once independence is achieved. The British approach of involving people in the development of their communities such as teachers belonging to the tribe (p. 66) and relying on the natives to run the colonial civil service (p. 67) means they have considered the natives’ views regarding how a community must be handled and ruled. Also, by letting some of the natives become teachers, it did not seem that they were dictating how and what education should be like which resulted to the natives becoming more accepting of the new ideas and knowledge that they learn from the

Social And Economic Justice Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Social And Economic Justice Theory - Essay Example The thesis gains importance because present day Governments and Judicial systems should adopt the best available social and economic justice theory in their efforts to ensure fairness in justice delivery. Justice in this context does not confine to justice delivered in courts alone but also concerns the justice a common man is entitled in his day to day life. Courts are concerned with rule of law alone. The courts are expected to delver judgments tempered with economic and social justice to iron out differences due to unjust inequalities among people. If a law is unfair, courts are sometimes unable to reverse it because of the supremacy of law making power of the elected body. Courts can still guide the law making body to ensure observing the principles of economic and social justice while enacting laws. It is the law makers who are more concerned about how far the rules are socially and economically justifiable. Seemingly perfect law may not be really so if it is deeply gone into for which exercise knowledge of theories of justice is necessary. Not only is the law maker should know but also the members of the society so that if they are affected in toto or a particular section of the society is affected by an unfair practice or law, they can voice their concern. The three theories of justice that one must be concerned with are Utilitarianism, Justice as fairness, and Libertarianism in one's effort to find answer to the questions raised here. That is whether an individual is entitled to justice in direct proportion to his individual efforts. Utilitarianism theory posits that a society should have laws and institutions aimed to bring about general satisfaction for its constituents. As there is no instrument to measure the satisfaction, the utilitarianism finds it indirectly through the propositions of what is good for the members and what are the means to achieve it. Firstly the basic needs of human being such as food, shelter, protection should be satisfied. Aristotle laid the foundation of this utilitarian concept by holding that human actions actions are driven by their rational choices in order to realize their basic needs. Hence basic needs realization is the reflection of the utilitarian theory which satisfies the above said conditions of human good for overall happiness of the society's members. John Stuart Mill, Jeremy Bentham and Henry Sidgwick were the Utilitarians of the 19th century. John Stuart Mill held on the lines of Aristotle that human happiness depended upon liberties in speech and action as well as economic prosperity. He insisted wealth was indispensable to realize the human expectations. Utilitarians therefore wanted free education funded by public money through levy of taxes, both capitalist and mixed economy, protection of all kinds of liberties and a democratically elected form of Government. An objection to this was made by John Rawls in his A Theory of Justice 1971(pp.23-4) since institutions envisaged can turn out to be unjust. Because when the analogy of an individual's sacrificing for his future gains is applied to the society's sacrifice for the present for future benefits as can happen in the utilitarian way of

Case study on Western States University Hospital Essay

Case study on Western States University Hospital - Essay Example In the present case, the lack of nursing leadership is the main reason that information system is not being used to its full potential. The importance of IT/IS system needs to disseminated amongst the employees so that they are able to understand the vast potential of computer and how it would improve and improvise their performance outcome. The success of system could only realized when the people who are directly involved with the various aspects of the information, ensure that small effort from them would significantly impact the outcome of the necessary outcome. ABC system is fully capable of coordinating activities and ensuring smooth operation of the hospital when details of patients are entered timely. While admitting clerks need to fill in the initial details of the patients, the discharge and transfer of patients need to be timely entered within the database by the nursing staff to produce updated reports of the patients. There is definitely huge room for improvement. The basic purpose of all business is to strive for improved performance. The hospital management must also ensure performance improvement through leadership initiatives that promote team building, shared goals and collective decision making. Indeed, performance measurement and improvement have increasingly become key issues in healthcare delivery. Meeting the needs and requirements of patients are the major objectives of effective healthcare delivery system.... Hence, in the present case, development of core performance improvement team would help to motivate, inform and train the employees, especially nursing staff, in improving their individual and collective performance for improved results. The most appropriate type of PI team would be the one that understands that knowledge leads to empowerment so that people can make decisions based on informed choices. Hence, team members must comprise of persons who have strong cross cultural understanding and understand the implicit and explicit importance of technology. The main goal of the team would be to identify the areas where the creative inputs of the staff would impact on the performance. The necessary linkages like training of staff on new skills would also be part of PI team so that staff can keep up with the on-going changes within and outside the organizations and ensure continuous improvement in their performance. Answer 3 Organizational structure of hospital is complex in its deliver y of goals. Smooth operations within its various departments become critical part of its success. The PI team of the hospitals should therefore, comprise of managers and leaders from different department. Nurses, physicians, administrators, clinicians, dieticians and pharmacists should be included. They should understand the need for continuous improvement of performance and have clearly defined goals for their team and provided with requisite knowledge skills to achieve their target. The team members must be educated on the need for coordinated efforts to achieve the wider goals and objectives of the hospitals. Nurses and physicians are intrinsic part of healthcare industry that is directly

Current Imaging Process Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Current Imaging Process - Article Example During this initial process the receptionist confirms the date with the ordering physician's office, which will then notify their patient of the scheduled exam date. The ordering physician's office confirms the scheduled date with the patient, and they are notified to arrive at the radiology outpatient imaging center where the first encounter takes place between the radiology receptionist and the patient. During this first encounter the receptionist would typically greet the patient, confirm the appointment, verify the patient's identification, and validate the method of payment. After the receptionist's interview with the patient, the patient is then placed in a queue to be called by the radiology technician that will be performing their exam. While the patient waits in the waiting area the receptionist completes the work order. The radiology technician is notified of the pending ordered exam and receives a printed requisition form. The second point of patient contact in the process takes place when the assigned radiology technician calls the patient from the radiology waiting area. During this encounter the technician identifies the patient and escorts them into the exam room for an additional interview. The patient is fully involved in the process as they are asked to help provide relevant medical history, as well as the primary purpose of their visit.

Sports Aid charity Essay Example for Free

Sports Aid charity Essay Sports Aid charity offers grants to individuals that helps them perfect their training and develop mainly for the individual more than the club.It encourages young and dissabled talent in sports nation wide.  It is funded by the Department of culture, media and sports through England.Its main target is focusing on development in the ethnic minority as this tends to attract less funding than the other groups. Its aim is to invest in ethnic minority such as-Asian woman participating in more sport. Community Chest grants are offered to projects that encourage greater involvement in local community activities.Grants are generally between à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50 and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,000, and applications are welcome at any time. There are no deadlines or dates to worry about. Sports England supports buildings equppment and gives advice and guidelines.  currently 5 million of government funding is received per year and to date à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½70 million has been invested into grass roots sport thanks to the Sportsmatch Scheme. Most grants awarded are for amounts up to 1,000 and are available to fund groups working with:  Older people (over 65)  Taxas help fund for sports because we get our money off the goverment if we didnt pay these taxas then sport would go down.The number of voluntary sports clubs are decreasing i know this because its quotes it on the CCPR website.  Only 22 perecent of clubs income greater than their expenditure and 34 percent described their financial position a precarious. Things will get worse without tax exemtions from the goverment.  Legal responsibilities:  A coach is required to obay by the National Governing Bodys code of ethics and conduct and as a coach they should have legal responsibilities. they should recognise the importance of Helath and Saftey and treating the public with care.  This means having access to first aid and ermergancy service. A coach can be liable if there is any evidence that shows the standards have not been followed. Checking equppment is safe. Chilldren need to be protected from any violence or abuse. To ensure this is carried out in the the strictest way coaches need to be checked of any crimminal convictions and show evidence of a clean record.  Coaches should have appropriate insurance which covers both public liability and personal accidents. Many governing bodies include insurance as part of their affiliation fee. Be aware of the Licensing laws such as the code of conduct follow it with great care and accept others too aswel.  Protect the young people you work with maintain a parental relationship with them aswel as a coach. Advice them on healthy eating such as nutrition tell that whats good for them, inform them on the importance of food and hygine,how important it is to eat the right foods and keep clean ect.

Impact of the Chronic Illness in Patients Lives

Impact of the Chronic Illness in Patients Lives Client Focused Study This assignment will focus on the patients journey and the impact of the chronic illness in their lives. Firstly a rationale for the chosen client and the health deviation will be explained. Secondly, how the deviation has an impact on the patients journey throughout the health care will be highlighted and potential influences of on long term well being of the patient and their family will be explored. Finally, the knowledge gained from the assignment and how it can be helpful in the future practice will be addressed. In accordance with the NMC Code of Professional conduct (2010), the patient chosen for this essay will be named Miss X, to protect her identity and maintain confidentiality. Informed consent will be attached as appendix I. Miss X is a 58 year old patient who had been diagnosed 3 years ago with COPD related to Emphysema. She had been smoking for 40 years and gave up smoking 3 months after her initial diagnosis. She has currently been admitted care to specialised Respiratory ward in a local London hospital, following an exacerbation of COPD. Her current symptoms are chest pain and shortness of breath. The rationale for choosing Miss X for this assignment is because during my placement in the respiratory ward, I found the patient having difficulties to perform physical activities due to the breathlessness. As a result, I developed an interest in learning how breathlessness occurs and its affect on the patients daily life. Further rationale of The Nice guidelines for COPD (2010) reported that COPD is the 5th biggest killer in the U.K. and also Worldwide. In addition, evidence reports that the main cause of developing COPD is due to smoking. The national statistics General Lifestyle Survey (2008) reported that at least 21% of the U.Ks population smoke which means COPD will remain to be endemic in this Country. The annual cost of COPD to the NHS is estimated at more than  £980 million and the figures are rising every year. Beraden (2011) reported that incidence of breathlessness in patients with diagnosed COPD is approximately 65% and 90%. These statistics highlights that it is impo rtant to be aware of the health deviation of COPD such as breathlessness in order to ensure the patient receives a quality of life. Evidently, the pathophyisology of breathlessness caused by emphysema is noted to be a physical development of airflow obstruction and impaired gas exchange. Blackler (2007) explains emphysema as a progressive chronic lung disease where the airways are inflamed and the tissue of the lungs and the alveoli are destroyed. The inflammation in the airway obstructs the flow of air in to the alveoli. In addition, the alveoli lose their elasticity and during breathing this loss can lead to the alveoli collapsing and causing breathlessness. The main factor causing these characteristics of Emphysema is Smoking. Mc Cance, (2010) informs that smoking cigarette activates the neutrophils which subsequently release the enzymes protease and anti protease. As a result of the toxins from cigarette smoking, the chemical activity of the protease and anti protease is imbalanced. The author further explains that a balance is required in order to maintain normal lung function and the derangements of this balance may result in increased destruction and inappropriate repair of the lungs. Inappropriate repair of the lungs can lead to the alveoli being eliminated of the pulmonary capillary bed, causing mismatching in ventilation and perfusion. As a result there is less surface area for the gases to exchange causing decrease of the oxygen levels in the blood (Mc Cance, 2010). Thus any mild form of exercise can raise oxygen requirement leaving the patient breathless. This is evident in Miss X whenever she performs any type of physical acti vity. In addition, Damjanov (2006) explains that the destruction in the alveoli and the bronchiole wall also contribute in the reduction of elastic recoil of the airway. This leads to difficulty in expiration as the loss of elastic recoil reduces the volume of air that can be expired . As the air is not effectively exhaled, air trapping occurs causing the chest to expand. Long term air trapping in the lungs causes the chest to have a barrel like appearance. This is because the lungs are over inflated with air and the ribcage mostly remains expanded which gives the chest its barrel shape (Damjanov, 2006). Barrel chest is very noticeable in Miss X. People who smoke do not necessarily develop Emphysema therefore inherited genetics disorders are believed to contribute to the development of this disease. McCance, (2010) explains that emphysema mainly occurs with patients who have Alpha 1- antitrypsin deficiency (A1AD). In A1AD enzymes such as elastase destroys the elastin and the tissue of the airway which again leads to mismatching of perfusion of gas exchange and ventilation. Furthermore, Pryor and Prasad (2009) describes the sensation of breathlessness originates when the sensory system activates within the lungs, chest wall and the respiratory muscles raise awareness of breathing discomfort. However, psychological factors can also be associated with breathlessness. It is regarded as a subjective experience in COPD anxiety act as an trigger when the patient sense discomfort in breathing. Some studies show the following sequence of events; aggravation by anxiety and panic attacks leads to breathlessness and so forth a continuous cycle is created (Robert and Stockley, 2007) The patients journey starts when the patient says so or from diagnosis to the end of life. Three years ago before her diagnosis, Miss X went to see her GP when she started noticing breathlessness whilst performing physical activities. The GP diagnosed Miss X based on her clinical features and other tests; Chest Ct Scan, her Blood test and her spirometry reading which was FEV1/FVC The GP also referred her to Smoking Cessation Clinic along with a prescription of nicotine patches which helped her quit smoking after 5 months of her first screening date. The NICE COPD Guidelines (2010) highlights that Smoking Cessation should be recommended to newly diagnosed patients. As stated by the Department Of Health the government targets to reduce the smoking population further than its current 26%, which was achieved successfully by 2010 (DOH, 2010). Despite the governments efforts, literature reviews shows that not all of the patients fully recover from smoking addiction. The study conducted by Zhou et al (2009) found that out of 2431 patients who managed to quit smoking after Smoking cessation, 80% were reported to relapse after 3 to 18 months. The data may not be reliable enough to completely prove this high number of relapse because not all the subjects observed carried on for the whole duration of the study. Despite the slight drawbacks of the studies, it has helped the government back up for the funding of smoking cessation clinics. Along with the Smoking cessation clinic miss X was also referred to have annual Influenza vaccination, Pneumococcal vaccination and was encouraged to regular exercise. Miss X is also seen by the community Respiratory Nurse specialist and community nurse on a regular basis for medical checkups. Miss X has had few hospital admissions since her diagnosis due to her exacerbation of COPD. On her recent admission she was brought in by an ambulance as she was not able to breathe due to her breathlessness and chest pain. She was immediately admitted to AE where they diagnosed her with exacerbation of COPD. Miss X was assessed and was stabilised by oxygen therapy and nebulisers in AE. She was then transferred to the Respiratory ward for further investigation and treatment. The ward respiratory doctor requested her for chest X-ray, ECG, Arterial Blood Gases test, blood test, urine dipstick test and sputum culture. The investigation confirmed that she had chest infection. Her oxygen saturation was also maintained by oxygen therapy. Miss X was then started on nebulisers, I.V. antibiotics and for a 7 day course she was on oral prednisolone (Steroids). Jong et al (2007) suggest that oral prednisolone is recommended than I.V prednisolone because there was no difference on treatment and helps reduce patient to be prone to infection. During the stay in the ward Miss X was noticed to be underweight and was referred to the dietician who prescribed her to nutritional drinks and given advice on healthy eating. She was also seen by the Physiotherapist for breathing techniques and mobilising with the breathlessness. As Miss X has had few admissions due to her exacerbation she was also referred to pulmonary rehabilitation after her discharge. The NICE (2010) highlighted that pulmonary rehab illation improves the patients quality of life and therefore, any COPD patient of grade 3 on the MRC scale (Medical Research Council) should be referred to the programme after being discharged. Currently the government suggests that the standard population for rehabilitation up take of the programme should be 230 patients per 100,000 of a normal population in a trust per year. This is a very small number of uptakes in relation to the COPD population; such limitation can create restrictions to access the rehabilitation programme. The deviation can have an impact on the long term well being of Miss X and her Family. COPD is a disease that progress over a long time along with severity of its symptoms. ( 20) confirms that COPD over time results in fatigue, depression, anxiety, reduced exercise tolerance and poor nourishment. Firstly, the effort to maintain normal ventilation, all the energy of the patient is consumed causing tiredness and fatigue restricting the patients ability to perform everyday activities. Miss X interprets her breathlessness has restricted her to perform physical activities and therefore retired from her waitress job at the age of 56. This has led to her being financially dependent on her 22 year old son and government disability financial support. She also relies on her son to help her with household chores as she is not able to perform certain activities by herself such as shopping, cleaning, washing, cooking, paying bills etc. Furthermore, Lahaije et al (2010) proved that COPD patients do eliminate their daily activities due to physiological limitation caused by breathlessness. The study was conducted on 21 COPD patients and ten healthy subjects living in Netherlands. The study measured the performance time for daily living activities; where COPD patients were involved less whereas healthy subjects were higher. The study consisted of only 21 COPD patients and 10 healthy subjects which is a very small sample therefore cannot be generalised. However, the study conducted by Szarm (2010) on a survey of 20693 patients residing in England who were aged between 51- 60 year old were reported to also have an impaired work performance due to breathlessness mostly caused by COPD. The finding from Szram (2010) is more reputable than Lahaije et al (2010) with regards to generalising COPD patients limiting breathlessness as the sample size was much larger Miss x also suffered from urinary incontinence. Literature reveals that patients with COPD do suffer from stress incontinence of urine due to increased abdominal pressure whilst coughing (Tozun et al, 2009). However, some authors forget that inability to reach the toilet in time due to breathlessness could be the factor influencing urinary incontinence in COPD patients. Secondly, the disability caused by Miss Xs breathlessness has also had an impact on her psychological state. Numerous studies have proved that the symptoms of COPD can cause patients to be depressed and affect the quality of life. Stage et al (2009) literature review highlights that depression is common in COPD patients and about 40% of the COPD diagnosed suffer from either severe or clinical depression. The literature review also noted that mortality rate was lower in non depressed COPD patient than the depressed. In addition, she feels that she is a burden to her son and feels embarrassed on having sudden panic attacks in public whilst she is out shopping or socialising. Miss X reported that she felt devalued as she experienced being treated differently by others and also feel socially isolated. The qualitative study conducted by Berger et al (2010) confirms that COPD patients do experience stigmatisations which are triggered by self blame related to smoking, being a burden, embarrassment. Stuenkel and Wong (2009) highlight the Goffmans theory of support groups in which the patients shares similar stigma. The support group evidently has helped to feel accepted, gain moral support. The Breathe Easy support group programme Miss X attends every fortnight has helped her to reduce her stigmisation. In light of all this, Miss X does have a positive attitude to cope with her condition. She is aware that her condition is not curable but can be managed if she complies with the treatment. She is adherent to her medication and her treatment plan. Naidoo and Wills (2010) explain that the Health locus of control (HCOL) is divided into two controls; internal where people are in control of their condition and external where people are beyond control of their condition. Miss X falls under the internal HCOL as she controls her condition very well. Lastly, Miss Xs son is very worried about his mother going to have an emergency admission to the hospital again. The patients son is psychologically stressed and fells socially isolated due to financial and household commitments. However, he has been accessing support and advice from the doctors, nurses and special support groups. Moreover, the review of qualitative studies conducted by Spence et al (2008) explored the specific care needed of care givers of patients with COPD. The review confirmed that restricted activities of daily living and emotional distress were identified by the 7 subjects studied. This assignment has helped me to understand the impact COPD has on the patient, family and health care system. The skills and knowledge gained to care for the COPD patient will ensure an evidence based care will be delivered to the patient and the family. In future, whilst nursing a patient with breathlessness I will follow the guidelines as directed by the NICE guidelines as care required. I will also consider the psychological and social state of the patient on planning the care as these are the main aspects of the disease which impact the patients quality of life. To overcome any issues if countered, social issues will be referred to the social services and any psychological issues should be referred to the clinical psychologist. Finally, I have learned that educating patient and the family of services available and the disease itself is the key to aid them cope and comply with the treatment. In conclusion, the assignment overviews a journey of a patient diagnosed with emphysema with the health deviation of breathlessness. The NHS has been providing treatment and therapies to reduce the risk of patients developing emphysema. Literature reviews indicate that breathlessness can contribute to several psychosocial issues in the patients life. Word Count 2499 References List Beraden,K. (2011). Recent advances in the management of breathlessness. Indian Journal Of Palliative Care. 17 (4), 29-32. Szram et al. (2010). Breathlessness and work performance in older adults in Kent. Thorax. 65 (4), 78-79. Stuenkel, D and Wong, V. (2009). Stigma. In: Larsen,P and Lubkin,I Chronic illness: impact and intervention . 7th ed. USA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. 57. Jong et al . (2007). Oral or IV Prednisolone in the Treatment of COPD Exacerbations* A Randomized, Controlled, Double-blind Study. American College of Chest Physicians. 132 (1), 1741-1747. Tozun et al. (2009). Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence among Women and Its Impact on Quality of Life in a Semirural Area of Western Turkey. Gynecoloicand Obstetric Investigation . 67 (1), 241-249. Berger et al. (2010). The Experience of Stigma in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Western Journal of Nursing Research. X, 1-17. Spence et al. (2008). Active carers: living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International Journal of Pallative Nursing. 14 (8), Stage et al. (2006). Depression in COPD- Management and quality of life considerations. International Journal of COPD. 1 (3), 315-320. Department of Health. Consultation on a Strategy for Services for COPD in England. London: Department of Health, 2010. British Thoracic Society. Burden of Lung Disease 2006. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (update). (Clinical guideline 101.) 2010. http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG101. Last Accessed 20/02/2011 Office for National Statistics. (2010). 12. General Lifestyle Survey 2008: Smoking and drinking among adults,. Available: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/GLF08/GLFSmokingDrinkingAmongAdults2008.pdf. Last accessed 20th Feb National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (2006). Pulmonary Rehabilitation service for patients with COPD. Available: http://www.nice.org.uk/usingguidance/commissioningguides/pulmonaryrehabilitationserviceforpatientswithcopd/pulmonaryrehabilitationservicecopd.jsp. Last accessed 20th Feb 2011. McCance et al (2010). Pathophysiology, The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. 6th ed. Missouri: ELSEVIER. 1286-1289. Nursing Midwifery Council (2008) The Code: Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives NMC, London Blackler et al (2007). Managing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. England: John Wiley and Sons LTD. 1-12. Damanjov Pryor,J and Prasad,S (2008). Physiotherapy for respiratory and cardiac problems:. 4th ed. UK: Elsevier. 227- 228. Mahler,D. (2007). The Physiology of breathelessness. In: Robert,A and Stockley,I Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Oxford: Blackwell Zhou et al . (2009). Attempts to quit smoking and relapse: Factors associated with success or failure from the ATTEMPT cohort study . Addictive Behaviors. 34 (4), 365-373. Naidoo and Wills

Frankenstein Essay -- Literary Analysis, Mary Shelley

Organic: A Very Lucid Concept Will it ever be possible for a machine to be an organic being? It is an interesting question and one that is addressed in Frankstein by Merry Shelly, RUR by Karel Capek and The Defecating Duck by Jessica Riskin. These three texts provide insight into what makes a creature an organic being. From these readings one may construe that the duck in The Defecating Duck, along with the robots at the beginning of RUR cannot be considered organic beings, while the monster in Frankstein and the robots at the end of RUR can. An organic robot is an oxymoron; a robot does not have the chemical capability to be considered biologically organic. Although a chemical process was alluded to in both it Frankstein and RUR, it was very brief, a short paragraph in each case, and did not give enough information to be able to classify either as an organic being. However, there is a definition of organic that can be applied to prove that robots have the capability to be organic,â€Å"[10th definition of organic] something as having a growth and development analogous to that of living organisms† (Merriam Webster Dictionary). In other words, to be considered organic one must have the ability and desire to live. To long for a companion shows that one has a desire to connect with someone in their life, and therefore proves that person has a longing to be apart of the world. The monster in Frankstein has a desire to find a person he can connect with, and ends up going on a journey to find one. This journey begins with the monster observing and eventually falling in love with a farm family. â€Å"I formed in my imagination pictures of presenting myself to them†¦I imagined that they would be disgusted, until, by my gentle demeanor and con... ...ple. They are mechanically more perfect than we are†¦ but they have no soul† (Capek, 9). This quote by Domin explains to Helena how robots are not human but just workers. Domin further expresses this point by saying that. â€Å"Everything will be done by living machines. People will do only what they enjoy† (Capek, 21). These robots, for the time being, are complicit with their place and show no desire to live. The robots, and duck fail to show a desire to live and therefore cannot be considered organic beings. The robots from the end of RUR and the monster in Frankstein, unlike the robots at the beginning of RUR and the duck in the Defecating Duck, can be called organic beings because of their desire to live. These three texts brought up interesting points to a confounding question of organic robots. Making one believe that only time will be able to solve this riddle.

The Place of Stunted Ironwood Trees Essay -- Literary Analysis, Freder

Second Simple Quiz In the book, The Place of Stunted Ironwood Trees, by Dr. David P. Crandall, the Himba's world structure is manifested through detailed information of their ideals and their social world, where the reader can truly see their lives. These ideals and cultural background that the Himba have explain and define their families and marriages, structure of government and politics, religion and spiritual life, and their place in the social structure. Himba just like any societies have expectations and social norms that they are used to. The author uses individuals and their actions to describe the collective imaginary world that the Himba live and are accustomed to. The ideals and beliefs of the Himba, relating to their collective world, is based on their god Mukuru, their ancestors, and Omiti, which is the center and the basis of governing and maintaining the Himba society. The imaginary world of the collective Himba applies to the people of Himba and their individuals' perception, actions, and interpretations. They are however all different perceptions of their world and how they deviate from the social norm. The same ideas of different perception and deviance can be seen in the student of BYU away from the imaginary world of our society in the United States. The imaginary world of the collective Himba can be described and defined by their deity, Mukuru, and his interaction and guidance of the Himba people. They believe that Mukruru is the Supreme Being that guide them and assist them in their lives. "We live because Mukuru gives us life, and when we die we are not lost" (Crandall 24). The Himba believe that it is the will of Murkuru that they live and they will be saved when they are dead. "The Himba believed that ... ... away from the norm. Himba’s collective world revolves around Mukuru, the ancestors, and omiti. Most people in the Himba society try to follow the system in their society; some diverge and deviate away through different interpretations and perspectives. The Himba society, like other societies in our world has expectations and contributions that each individual makes in the society. Each individual in the society contributes through their own perspective of the world. Although, people have different opinions and deviance, they live and work together through the common belief of the Himba Society. The individuals in the Himba society that have personal views and opinions of the world reinforce individualism and the different traits that all human beings share. In any society in our world we see individualism and traits that distinguishes us as individuals.

Knowledge Management in Academic Libraries Essay -- Knowledge Manageme

Introduction Knowledge has become a key resource in the present information and knowledge era. Knowledge management is a concept that has emerged explosively in business organizations during the 20th century. The application of knowledge management has now spread to other organizations as well including academic libraries. Knowledge management has been regarded as strategically important for organizations to gain a competitive advantage over their competitors, to add value to their products and to win greater satisfaction from their customers. Knowledge management is as important for libraries as for business. However in academic libraries there will be the absence of competition and money making concern. As it is already known libraries have had a long and rich experience in the management of information. Much of such knowledge and skills of librarianship can be applied to knowledge management. But unfortunately libraries with the exception of special libraries have not paid much attention to k nowledge management. However, the environment in which academic libraries operate today is changing. Knowledge management is a viable means in which academic libraries could improve their services in the knowledge economy. According to David Blair, â€Å"Knowledge management is not so much the management of tangible assets such as data or information, but the active management and support of expertise†. Expertise exists in people and much of this kind of knowledge is tacit rather than explicit. Some of it is expressible and some of it is not. Knowledge is always restricted to people and validated in the context of application. A well-known distinction in this respect is that between explicit and tacit knowledge. Basically, tacit knowledge i... .... â€Å"Knowledge Management: Hype, Hope or Help?† Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 53 (12):1019-1028. 2. Broadbeht, Marianne (1996). â€Å"The Phenomenon of Knowledge Management: What Does it Mean to the Information Profession?† http://www.sla.org/pubs/serial/io/1998/broadben.html 3. Kim, Seonghee (1999). â€Å"The Role of Knowledge Professionals for Knowledge Management†. 65th IFLA Council General Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, August 20-28. http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla65/papers/042-115e.htm 4. Shanhong, Tang (2000). Knowledge Management in Libraries in the 21st Century. 66th IFLA Council and General Conference, Jerusalem, Israel, August 13-18. http://cdigital.uv.mx/bitstream/123456789/6221/2/Shanhong.pdf 5. Townley. C.T. (2001). â€Å"Knowledge Management and Academic Libraries†. College & Research Libraries, 62(1): 44-55.

Bio Sketch Eminem

Phase 5 Individual Final Project Case Study of Marshall Bruce Mathers III (aka Eminem) Colorado Technical University Online Abstract Marshall Bruce Mathers III also known as Enimem is not only a rapper, record producer, actor, and Grammy award winner but also one of the most controversial and bestselling artists of the 21st century. (Eminem 2012) In this paper I have included a bio-sketch of his life from birth to his current day success. I have also provided a psychological explanation, in my opinion, of his behaviors using the behaviorist perspective as well as a comparison of those behaviors utilizing the humanistic theory.Additionally I have included a detailed outlook on Eminem’s upbringing using Erik Erikson’s human development theory, Lawrence Kohlberg’s foundational theory, Abraham Maslow’s theory of motivation-hierarchy of needs, and David McClelland’s three needs theory. To conclude this paper I will discuss how understanding human behavio r through the use of psychological behaviors is very useful. Biosketch of Marshall Mathers â€Å"Eminem† Marshall Bruce Mathers III later known as Eminem was born October 17, 1972 in St. Joseph Missouri. His mother, Deborah Mathers was only 15 at the time he was born.Deborah raised Marshall alone due to his father Marshal Mathers Jr. abandoning the family when Eminem was eighteen months old. (Eminem) Deborah rarely maintained employment for longer than a few months at a time. Deborah’s lack of stable employment caused the family to move multiple times between Missouri and Michigan. Due to the constant relocation and instability in his life Marshall spent much of his childhood living in subsidized housing projects In his biography Marshal states â€Å"I would change schools two or three times a year.That was probably the roughest part of it all,† (Eminem) The lifestyle he was forced to live left him feeling like an outcast, having no friends, keeping to himself, and constantly being beaten up at school. The abuse by his school mates along with his own mother abusing him left a large negative impact on his life. At age seventeen Eminem attended Lincoln High School in Warren Michigan. (Eminem) Even with his wide vocabulary range and habit of reading the dictionary for fun he struggled with the educational atmosphere and dropped out of school.Eminem stated, â€Å"I don’t feel that I am stupid but school just wasn’t for me. † ( Reece2012) His passion for rap started at the young age of four, beginning with rhyming words and battling his schoolmates in the lunch room. However he did not become serious about rapping until he was fourteen and later when making a name for him-self at the age of seventeen. (Reece 2012)Eminem explains that his biggest challenge was the constant rejection from the other rappers because of the color of his skin. This rejection caused even more anger to build up and eventually flow through his music later on in his career.Despite his reoccurring failure at rap battles and poor radio show appearances Eminem released his first album titled Infinite in 1999. (Reece 2012) The album sold less than 1,000 copies and did not make a profit. However, this was still the first hugely important step needed for the millions of dollars he would make during his career. After selling his first record the next life changing event occurred. On December 25, 1995 Eminem and his longtime girlfriend Kim Scott welcomed their daughter into the world naming her Hailey Jade Scott. Reece 2012) Despite Eminem’s new daughter being born he kept pushing his rapping career. During this time in his life he made many attempts to make a name for himself, but he continuously failed and eventually had nothing. The trials and tribulations he went through revealed themselves t loudly in the form of outrage during a rap battle in 1997. Eminem lasted an hour in this battle, throwing down every race card he was given earning him second place losing only because of one minor slip up.Furious at the feeling of failure once again he failed to notice that in the audience there were producers from Interscope Records. Producer Dr. Dre from Intersope eventually caught up with Eminem and signed him on the spot. (Eminem) In 1999 Eminem released The Slim Shady LP album making him an instant success and selling over three million copies. His music was comprised of childish humor, energy, profanity, and violence. Eminem’s lyrics often referenced his personal views on life and his with other people including his mother and wife Kim Mathers, which he later divorced.Even though many people view his music as profane, violent, drug promoting, and homophobic Eminem went on to release his next album titled The Mashall Mather’s LP released May 2000. This album went on to sale over 19 million copies and earned him a Grammy Award for Best Rap Album in 2001. Along with a Grammy this album is conside red to be among the greatest rap albums of all time. (Eminem) In 2007 after years of success Eminem nearly died from a drug overdose. Family problems, drugs, alcohol, and the loss of his daughter in a custody battle kept him from recording music until 2009.In late 2009 he announced that he had gone to rehab and produced the album Relapse. In 2010 Eminem released an album called Recovery. Both of these albums were auto-biographical albums relating to his addiction experiences bringing him back to mainstream rap. (Eminem) Eminem recently stated, â€Å"I started learning how to not be angry about things, learning to count my fucking blessings instead. By doing that, I’ve become a happier person. † (Eminem) I have chosen to focus on and investigate why Eminem focused on negative concepts throughout his music career.I think that he is an excellent example to why behavioristic perspective makes since. As I mentioned in the biographic sketch Eminem was constantly bounced arou nd, never having stability because he was raised by an abusive mother. He was placed into many situations where he was beaten, cussed at, and ridiculed for reasons beyond his control. Eminem was also forced to grow up in mostly poverty ridden housing projects that ran rampant with drugs, guns, and violence. I believe that because he grew up pretty much with the previously mentioned issues the behavior and norm for him was learned and often times came through in his music.In a lot of his songs he discusses that he is angry with his mother often times referring to her in a vulgar manner. In his song Puke he refers to his ex-wife and not wanting to be around her because she is disgusting and ridicules her. In the song I’m Sorry Mama he references to his childhood and being a failure and later talks as though he is happy his mother is dead. The second behavior I feel is learned is his addiction problem. Through song lyrics Eminem accuses his mother of being addicted to prescripti on drugs.He was raised in poverty ridden areas where drugs were very prevalent. He grew up seeing drugs as a way to cope and deal with life, and this environment made a lasting impression on him. In 2006 his career tapered down and he went through a divorce. At this point he reverted back to the behavior that he learned growing up; using drugs and alcohol are acceptable ways to cope. His music after his overdose reflects his new learned behavior and ideas from rehab. The next part of my case study focuses on Eminem’s motivations and development throughout his life.This is analyzed using Erik Erikson’s human development theory, Lawrence Kohlberg’s foundational theory, Abraham Maslow’s theory of motivation-hierarchy of needs, and David McClelland’s three needs theory. According to Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development stage one is: Trust Versus Mistrust. This stage lasts from birth until eighteen months of age and is the crucial ti me frame that a child develops an attachment to a caregiver. (Editorial 95-97)I believe that Eminem did not have his needs met in this stage. His father was in and out of his life for most of this time period.Because of his absence Eminem did not develop a connection or attachment with his father. Although Eminem was living with and being raised by his mother there was a lack of trust/ attachment with her as well. At the time of Eminem’s birth Deborah was fifteen years old and using drugs. (Eminem) I believe that Deborah was stuck in Erikson’s fifth stage which is Identity versus Role Confusion. Being stuck in this stage made it difficult for her to give Eminem the tools necessary to have trust and an attachment to her. As Eminem got a little older he fell into Erikson’s third stage of Initiative versus which is Guilt.During this stage children begin to develop mental and physical activities that develop self-confidence. (Editorial 95-97) Eminem struggled with t his stage. He moved from school to school and he was picked on and abused. At this time he was also living in an abusive home. The abuse from school and home injured Eminem’s confidence and often made him feel alone and like an outcast. (Eminem) According to Eminem the only way he had of showing he had some confidence was by challenging rap battles starting at the age of four in the lunch room at school. Reece 2012) Although the battles in the lunch room may not have been the most appropriate way to obtain confidence it was how Eminem managed to make his way through this stage. Stage four is Competence versus Inferiority, also known as Industry versus Inferiority. This stage is when children develop social and intellectual skills, and become confident in their talents and competencies. (Editorial 95-97) Eminem excelled in this stage. It was during this stage that Eminem failed out of school and began focusing on his rapping career. Eminem endured the feeling of excessive fail ure and was often criticized for being white.His relationship with his mother during this stage was poor because of her constant ridicule of him for dropping out of school and pursuing a career in rap music. (Reece 2012) Even with the lack of support he pushed through and eventually he was recognized in 1977 by producer Dr. Dre. This recognition was a large part of why Eminem was able to complete this stage. Eminem had finally made a name for him-self and began to recognize and embrace who he actually was. This occurred in stage five of Erikson’s theory which is Identity versus Role Confusion.Eminem utilized this time to recognize what he had gone through in his life growing up. During this stage he raps about his life in many of his songs and is able to understand and explain why he is the way he is. It was also during this time that the role in life he played as â€Å"Marshall Mathers† was now non-existent. Eminem was now identified as a leading musician; and he was comfortable with this life and persona he had created for himself. According to Lawrence Kohlberg his theory of Moral development can be broken down into three levels and seven stages.Kohlberg believed that people functioning at lower levels of his theory are motivated by self-interest. (Editorial100-101) While Eminem is a smart individual the behaviors that he displayed for much of his life would have placed him in the first level of Kohlberg’s theory. Kohlberg believes that level one stage one is that children base decisions on seeking pleasure and avoiding pain or getting caught. Stage two is the cost benefit stage in which one acts out morally to get an award. (Editorial 100-101) Eminem is known as one of the most controversial artists in the 21st century.He seeks out pleasures by pushing limits in his songs that are against most people’s moral beliefs. He often acts in a manner that may not be acceptable, but often times got him rewarded. Eminem does not meet the criteria for level two or three of Kohlberg’s theory. Eminem doesn’t behave morally. He embraces and works off criticism rather than trying to avoid it. Eminem is far from meeting the stage three requirements of Kohlberg’s theory. He is still promoting violence, drugs, and alcohol; and his morals are not even close to what modern day society accepts as appropriate.Finishing up with Eminem’s adulthood it is best described by Erikson’s sixth stage which is Intimacy versus Isolation. By age thirty-five Eminem had been married and divorced twice to the same woman. Eminem lives the typical party life of sex with multiple women, drugs, alcohol, and, not much concern for other individuals or relationships. Even though Eminem has not led the perfect life he has remained proud of his daughter and career. Eminem was still releasing music as recent as 2010 and currently working in studios for a new album that he will be releasing later at no specific date.He continues to be just as widely known by today’s youth as he was when he originally debuted. Eminem clearly had some type of motivation which leads me to Abraham Maslow’s theory of motivation. I believe that Eminem strived to reach the Esteem Needs of Maslow’s pyramid. The Esteem Needs level he is in causes him to feel that he belongs and has a degree of importance. Recognition, attention, social status, and accomplishment are all motivators to reach this point. (Maslow) Eminem lacked a lot of these characteristics as a child and now he has fame from billions of fans.He is recognized by all races as being a brilliant rap artist and has accomplished his dream of being a musician. I believe that he made gaining recognition and fame so important that he skipped the safety needs stage. He used what little money he had on recording songs and going to rap battles instead of using it on food and a safe place to live. According to David McCelland’s theory of three needs Eminem’s motivations become clearer. Eminem had a huge need and want to succeed in rapping. Rapping was something he wanted bad enough that he pushed through a lot of hardships to obtain.The second part of McClelland’s theory is affiliation. Affiliation according to McCelland is the need for human interaction and positive relationships with others. (Editorial 184) This was not a motivation for Eminem; Eminem’s relationships were damaged as his career grew. For example, putting his mom’s past behaviors out for the public to hear or talking poorly about his daughter’s mom in the lyrics he raps. The third motivation which was power was definitely one of Eminem’s biggest motivations. Eminem uses his music to impact others with his bizarre lyrics and tales of a terrible life.He also had established the power to make people understand that just because he was white he still lived in poverty and became a rap star, and most importantly he got his life story told. Reflecting back on the behavioristic perspective I still find it to be true that most of his behaviors were learned. Eminem’s mother was undereducated and addicted to drugs. Because she was undereducated she like Eminem did not progress through the important stages of Erikson’s theory. How can it be expected for Eminem to go through all the stages when he was raised in a fashion of where the proper guidance was non-existent?Secondly in Maslow’s theory of Hierarchy needs a person should have their physiological needs met first, then safety, and then social needs. (Maslow) Eminem’s mother fell short in this area as well. Her concern to keep him safe and have a since of security were less than her need to socialize and be accepted by others. This seems to be the path that Eminem followed her example with. In phase one I focused on the behavioral perspective and analyzed Eminem’s need to have negative concepts throughout his music , and his addiction to drugs and alcohol.In this section of my case study I will analyze these same two behaviors. However in this section of my paper I will be using the humanistic theory. The humanistic theory explains the human behavior as based on the basic goodness of the person, rather than more biologically or socially mechanistic models. The humanistic theory explains that behaviors are a combination of here and now responsibility, worth and self-improvement. (Editorial 202) First I want to address Eminem’s constant use of negative lyrics that often refer to his past.As part of the humanistic approach Abraham Maslow created the hierarchy of needs theory. Maslow explains that the lowest level of needs is the physiological needs category. Eminem struggled with having his basic needs met as a child mainly because of the poor living conditions and because his mother did not provide for him. Eminem struggled with the next two levels of Maslow’s hierarchy safety need s and sense of belonging as well because the lack of safety and protection and sense of being loved during his childhood. Eminem managed to make it through his life and eventually made it to the fourth level of needs.The fourth level is his self-esteem; although he was now famous his self-esteem was is still pretty low. He valued the need to have self-worth and often got self-worth by building himself up and by using other’s flaws such as his mother’s to make himself look and feel better. He also did this to make it more obvious to others that he was forced to overcome obstacles in his life. This theory when applied to Eminem’s life is much different than the behavioristic theory outcome which showed his behaviors were learned from being in the environment he was raised in.However, the humanistic approach shows that he chose these behaviors because of the events that occurred in his life. His anger was not learned but was an outcome of the things he has gone thr ough throughout his life. The second behavior to look at is his drug and alcohol addiction. The humanistic theory explains the drug and alcohol addiction as a way for Eminem to increase his self-esteem. He could have also used his addictions to replace the lack of love and sense of belonging he felt throughout his life. He essentially used his addiction as a way to cope with the basic essential needs that were never met in his life.The humanistic approach explains his addiction as a filler in the needs hierarchy, something to give him what he lacks. He didn’t have love or the feeling of being needed; the alcohol took away that feeling and replaced it with another happy or high feeling. This is also very different from the behavioral aspect that showed he gained this behavior from learning it from is mom and or environment he grew up in. Either way you look at it from the behavioral approach or the humanistic approach you will get the same result. Eminem’s behaviors occ ur directly from events in his past.This is very helpful when explaining why he is the way he is, because it gives concrete reasons and not excuses for his behaviors. Psychological theories don’t leave much room for assumption which cuts out misunderstandings. Without the theories one may simply think that Eminem is controversial for the simple sake of wanting attention. I have learned a lot by breaking down Eminems’s life story and analyzing it. I learned that some of the behaviors we learn as children are instilled in us whether we realize it or not. I used to think that the saying,† It’s all I know† was an excuse.Looking further into the behaviors and matching them with different stages of Eminem’s life has given me a better understanding. This is definitely something that I can use while working with troubled youth at my current job. I also have learned that even if your life doesn’t follow the correct stages or theories motivations can make the world of difference. Eminem did not live the perfect life and did a lot of things out of order but he was motivated enough to succeed in what he wanted. All the theories are very helpful but still leave room for alterations.I guess it is life’s learning manual as best as you can get Now to reflect back on all of Eminem’s behaviors and the different theories I have used to break down his life and personality I will discuss whether his behaviors are normal or abnormal. Normal behaviors are defined as the behaviors, attitudes, and approaches to life expected for a given society. Abnormal behaviors are defined as the thoughts and behaviors that stand outside of what is expected for a given society. (Editorial 2011) Eminem clearly displays abnormal behaviors. Eminem shows behaviors that we as an American society tend to frown upon.He is very vulgar and publicly projects his thoughts of encouraging violence and alcohol through the use of his music. Eminem also tends to represent the â€Å"thug life† mentality dancing around sagging his pants, swearing, and promoting the use of drugs and violence during his concerts. Proper normal American behavior is very much against how Eminem behaves. Normal behaviors for American culture are hardworking, respectful, polite, and dignified conversation. Society often associates behaviors like Eminem’s as a representation of an under educated criminal.I believe that Eminem’s behaviors can be attributed to his past. According to the Psychoanalytic Perspective a person’s psychological disorders stem from unresolved childhood issues pertaining to sex drive and aggression; deals with subconscious impulses and influences on conscious thought and behavior. (Editoral 2011) Eminem has multiple childhood issues that deal with aggression, his impulses, influences and sex drive. He was abused and built the aggression towards others. He was very impulsive which I feel he learned from his mother constantly moving them around at the spur of the moment.He also growing up had a huge lack of love from his mother and very little female attention which can contribute to his need for affection as an adult creating a very unhealthy sex drive. My feelings on the use of case studies are still split. One of the big advantages of case studies is that you can determine a person’s personality, behaviors and social acceptance based off of theories that have already been made all you have to do is analyze and place them where you see fit. A disadvantage of the case study method would be that it is based off of one’s own thoughts and perspective hich leaves a lot of room questions and speculation. As I have been working week to week and reviewing the different theories I have learned a lot. I learned that that has been an influence from somewhere whether it be from a person’s environment or by simply having being born to a particular family (genetics) that a pers on’s behaviors can usually be directly linked. I have truly learned that the best way to understand someone is to put your-self into their shoes. Look at where they were brought up, family characteristics and traits they inherited. Psychology plays a massive part especially in my workplace.I work in an environment that is meant to help troubled youth become productive members of society. We focus on helping them obtain normal behaviors to make it in society. Now that I have a better understanding of why these youth make the choices that they do I have the necessary tools to help them in a more direct manner instead of guessing. For example, if I know that a kid has been moved from foster home to foster home because their mother or father was on drugs I can place them into one of the theories such as Maslow’s hierarchy and break down the behaviors and life events that they need to work through.I have also learned that there is probably a reason for the kids to act out s imply out of the thrill of being bad. I will continue to study psychology so that I may further my career with a better understanding. I also just simply find it to be very interesting to understand how a person’s brain works and affects their everyday life. Also by studying psychology I have a better understanding of myself. I see what my personality profile is and am more aware of how other people may perceive me.It also has opened my mind to be able to understand others in a more efficient way. I will apply the knowledge I have learned in this course and have already begun to do so in my career. I have a better understanding of the clientele I work with and will continue to expand on what I have learned. The final part of my paper focuses on the statement â€Å"You can’t understand others unless you understand yourself. † I still struggle with completely understanding myself and why I may or may not be the way I am. Although I an place myself into different t heories and it makes since there are still some open questions I have. I used the MBTI test and it made it a little clearer as to why I tend to gravitate to some other personality types. Since I know why I get along better with some people it also opened my eyes to understand why others may get along with each other for example bully kids and scape goat kids tend to stick to others that are like them. I see it in my particular workplace that quite often as a team builder amongst staff where we are required to learn each other’s personality.As adults in a working environment it helps us focus on learning each other better and lowers the amount of personal issues that we as a company have. I also feel that understanding other’s behaviors and personalities is helpful because you better understand who may be more suitable for a particular duty that needs done. I think that this course would be a valuable learning tool to everyone that works in the environment I work in. As a life skills trainer to troubled youth we are supposed to help them understand why they do what they do.How are we supposed to really be able to completely and fully help them if we can’t clearly explain it to them or ourselves why the behaviors they have are fixable or why they have them in the first place. As an addition to what training responsibilities I already have with staff at work I will be implementing that they learn some of these theories we explored. I also have already begun to use the personality type test to bring staff together as a starting learning experience for them to understand who they work with and the benefits of utilizing each other’s strong personality attributes.References Eminem. (2012) Biography. com. Retrieved 03:12, August 23, 2012 from http://www. biography. com/people/eminem-9542093 Eminem. Reece, Rod. (2012) Retrieved 03:25, August 23, 2012 from http://www. imdb. com/name/nm0004896/bio Editorial Board(2011) Introduction to Psycholo gy, Electronic Version. Pgs 95-97,100-101,184. Words of Wisdom LLC. Retrieved from course smart solutions database. Maslow’s Theory of Motivation(2012) Retrieved 01:51, August 30,2012. From http:www. envisionsoftware. com/articles/Masolw_Needs_Hierarchy

Assess Hume’s Reasons for Rejecting Miracles

Assess Hume’s reasons for rejecting miracles Hume defined miracles as a â€Å"violation of the laws of nature† and consequently rejected their occurrence as both improbable and impractical. This view has been supported by modern scientists and philosophers such as Atkins, Dawkins and Wiles to a certain extent. However Aquinas, Tillich and Holland and Swinburne to a certain extent reject Hume’s reasons, instead arguing that miracles have a divine cause and that Hume’s arguments are weak.This essay will argue that Hume’s reasons for rejecting miracles are not valid and in doing so consider his two main arguments; lack of probability and Hume’s practical argument. Hume’s first reason for rejecting miracles was a lack of probability. He argued that evidence from people’s experience of observing the world showed the laws of nature to be fixed and unvarying. However to suggest a miracle occurred was to say that the laws of nature had been violated, hence his definition of miracles being a â€Å"violation of the laws of nature. Miracles were reported has having occurred by eyewitnesses, as is stated in the Bible in the case of Jesus raising Lazarus from the dead. However for Hume it was far more likely that the eyewitnesses were mistaken in what they witnessed, than for Jesus to have actually raised Lazarus from the dead and in doing so violated fixed laws of nature. A violation of the laws of nature was therefore an improbable occurrence. Wiles’ agrees with Hume’s point that it is more likely the eyewitness was wrong than a miracle occurred, in doing so raising the problem of evil.It was illogical to suggest God was omnipotent and good if he showed clear favouritism through creating miracles whilst at the same time many people were suffering. It would be more likely that a witness made a mistake or did not understand what they saw than an ominbenevolant and omnipotent God showed clear signs of bia s and favouritism through miracles therefore Hume’s first argument is valid. Swinburne supports Hume’s view that laws of nature are defined by the experiences of people observing the world, as he believes that people’s observations are the basis for all natural laws.Additionally Hume’s argument that miracles are improbable is supported by Dawkin’s view that it would be highly unlikely that someone could simply learn to walk again after being paralysed as a result of a miracle, as this would constitute a violation of the laws of nature. This also supports the idea that Hume’s argument is valid. However he rejects Hume’s concept of the laws of nature being fixed and unvarying, as he believed them to be â€Å"corrigible† due the possibility new discoveries and observations about the world could result in them being altered in some way.Additionally Swinburne disagrees with Hume’s idea of what an improbable event is. Whilst f or Hume this means an event which it would be foolish to suggest occurs at all, such as the sun staying the sky, Swinburne argues that miracles are more â€Å"probalistic† such as picking out a red grain of sand, highly unlikely but not totally impossible therefore the validity of Hume’s first argument can be questioned.Additionally Swinburne criticises Hume’s definition of miracles as a â€Å"violation of the laws of nature† as he believes that whilst a miracle such as that of Jesus’ resurrection clearly does not fit in with the laws of nature, on it’s own it is not enough to prove the laws of nature have been violated, a view supported by Aquinas who suggests miracles have a divine origin. The contingency argument, supported by Holland and Tillich also criticises Hume’s definition of miracles as a â€Å"violation of the laws of nature. It uses evidence from the Bible, such as Jesus feeding the five thousand, to highlight that Godâ €™s aim with miracles is not to fit in with the framework of modern concepts but to for God to reveal Himself to the people. Tillich himself argues that miracles do not have to involve the violation of nature as they can be possible events, such as a train stopping just in front of a child on a crossing, which hold religious significance for some people. Therefore a miracle does not have to be an improbable event, suggesting that Hume’s argument is not significant.Hume’s second reason for rejecting miracles is presented in his practical argument. He considered levels of education to be a significant factor as miracles were only reported to have occurred by those who were not educated enough to understand the scientific explanation of an event. The stories these people reported were usually circulated and exaggerated, altering them significantly as is the case with urban myths, such as that after Hurricane Katrina stating that law and order had broken down.Hume also considered the general level of education of the country as a whole to be important. He highlighted how the early history of countries is full of miracles and visions due to the ignorant and barbarous populations, such as the very long life of Adam. However as the country becomes more developed and the populations better educated such stories disappear. Therefore for Hume, Adam living to 930 was simply a story made up by the uneducated, as living so long would suggest the laws of nature to be false.Additionally Hume believes that miracles used by religions to prove their religion true would be cancelled out, as not every religion could be true. Dawkins presents a key strength of Hume’s second argument, by supporting his belief that miracles are only reported by the uneducated, as he believes there is a scientific explanation for the effects, such as Jeanne Fretel being cured at Lourdes.The miracles of people being cured at Lourdes, as well as those reported in the Bible simp ly show that miracles were used to cover up a lack of understanding of a way the world worked and to increase people’s faith in God, something which is no longer necessary as most people no longer rely on God for guidance therefore Hume presents a relevant argument rejecting miracles. Atkins supports Hume’s argument that the typical educated person would not be inclined to report the occurrence of a miracle as they would know better.According to Atkins it is only the publicity seeker or someone deluded or hallucinating who would claim to have witnessed such an event as they may lack the scientific level of understanding of their peers, therefore Hume’s argument is relevant. However this view has been criticised by Swinburne as it raises questions about how to define terms Hume raises. It is unclear at what stage a person becomes â€Å"educated† sufficiently to reject miracles. It is also unfair to assume that a person believes in miracles simply because t hey do not know any better, as it is possible to both have a strong belief in God and a good understanding of Science.Further to this it is unclear what constitutes being â€Å"ignorant and barbarous† as whilst earlier nations may now seem uneducated compared to modern times, the nation may have been highly educated for the time as the standards change. Therefore the relevance of Hume’s second argument can be questioned. In conclusion Hume believes that miracles are â€Å"violations of the laws of nature† which are fixed and unvarying, and that they are only experienced by uneducated people who do not understand Science.This view rejected by Aquinas, Swinburne Holland and Tillich. Swinburne believes the laws of nature to be â€Å"corrigible† whilst Holland and Tillich argue that miracles are not violations of the laws of nature but sign events revealing God to the people. However Dawkins and Atkins support Hume’s view that miracles are only experie nced by the uneducated. Overall Hume’s reasons for rejecting miracles are valid to only a minimal extent, as he does not consider the different definitions of a miracle, and does not define what constitutes ignorant and barbarous.

Disclosure issues- voluntary versus mandatory

Now a day’s most of the companies are trying to find out ways to attract as much capital as possible. With the continuation to wards market globalisation the urge to introduce harmonise global accounting standards have been increased. In order to attract larger amount of capital in the different regions of the world it is important for the companies to present the information in the financial statements, which is understandable by a diverse group of people. Most of the world organisations are trying to find out ways towards the general standards.The formation of IASC in 1973, was the result of such efforts by different countries including Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, UK and US. This international body has issued more than 30 International Accounting Standards and has given a general presentation of the framework of the preparation and information availability of information in the financial statements. Although the organisation has adopted English as its formal language but the standards are translated into many other languages used in the world to make them understandable by as many people as possible.The main hindrance in the way of the use of common standards between the nations is that they are not legally imposed. The use of International Accounting Standards is a voluntary act of the countries. (Taylor & Pincus, 2002; p. 39) 2. Definition of Risk: Smith (1999) defines risk as a decision expressed by a range or possible outcomes with attached probabilities. When there is a range of possible outcomes but no assumed probabilities, there is only uncertainty (ibid. ).Hertz & Thomas (1984) have suggested that â€Å". Risk means uncertainty and the results of uncertainty†¦ risk refers to a lack of predictability about problem structure, outcomes or consequences in a decision or planning situation. † Risk is defined, as a bad notion is the most important stimulants for life. Uncertainty, far from being a symptom of im perfection, is in fact a natural property of economics, indeed, probably of all life systems . . .. Uncertainty is the name of the game in the service economy. (Giarini, 2000)According to (Feynman, 1998) it is in the admission of ignorance and the admission of uncertainty that there is hope for the continuous motion of human beings in some direction that doesn't get confined, permanently blocked, as it has so many times before in various periods in the history of man. † Adams (1995) defines risk as the â€Å"balancing act† in which the actors â€Å"balance the expected rewards of their actions against the perceived costs of failure† in a world in which both it and our perceptions of it are constantly being transformed by our effect on the world and its effect on us.In a ISO/TMB Risk Management Terminology Paper (1999) risk is defined as combination of the probability of an event and its negative or positive consequences,† The royal Society (1983) defined ri sk as â€Å"a particular adverse event occurs during a stated period of time, or results from a particular challenge. † Importance of Risk Disclosure: Murphy (1999) sees Financial reporting and financial statements in particular can be thought of as a lens through which one could view a business.Financial reporting provides a broader view of the business than that provided by financial statements only. In other words, financial reporting encompassed financial statements, but it is not limited to financial statements. It is assumed that by providing information that meets the needs of investors and creditors, the company also meet the information needs of other external parties, it would be able to provide superior information if it treated each potential group of external users separately and prepared different information for each group.This approach is impractical, however, and the company instead out for preparing what is referred to as general-purpose information that we believe is useful to multiple user groups. With the change in the economic environment the list of factors of production has included intangible assets such as information and knowledge. The intangible assets are replacing the old sets of assets. â€Å"In order to keep on delivering profits the business must keep on investing in different projects in order to improve their organizational capabilities.These investments improve the capabilities of the business to respond to the customer demands, the external contacts of business reduces the risks attached to the products, internal integration improve the productivity of organization continuous experimenting not only improve the value creation but also enhance the image of the organization in business. These investments are very important for the businesses to survive it is necessary to measure the cost, inventory, space and quality savings measured by traditional capital budgeting systems.Most of the traditional accounting techniques measure the future flow of income by undertaking an investment which is not easy to calculate since the stream of income is expected to increase in future and the managers cannot decide to assign the right value to the future benefit. Rather than that it is easier to the calculate investment. This is due to the difficulty the future organisation face in calculating the future benefits; most organisations normally do not undertake new investments. (Enterweb, 2005)The use of intangible assets has created difficulties on the other hand also. People believe in what they see. The process of interaction of ideas and assets has been revolutionised. Developing trust and understanding with stakeholders is very important in order to turn knowledge in value. Today, the companies are required to report the performances not only on financial basis but also should under cover the issues such as vision, strategy, risks, value drivers, KPIs etc.The founders of the Global Association of Risk Profes sionals (GARP), Lev Borodovsky and Marc Lore, wrote in Risk Professional, â€Å"no matter what types of methods are used, the key to risk management is delivering risk information, in a timely and succinct fashion, while ensuring that key decision makers have the time, the tools, and the incentive to act upon it. † (Lev & Lore, 1997) Externally reported financial information is largely historical in nature. It looks back in time and reports the results of events and transaction that already have occurred.While historical information is very useful in assessing the future, the information itself is more about the past than it is about the future. A comparison of the historical trends with the future trends can be found helpful in better understanding of the information by the shareholders and other related people. (Financial Economists Roundtable, 1996) The improvement in public scrutiny and controlled market discipline is largely dependent upon the meaningful and accurate dis closure of information.This not only helps the shareholders but also helps the organisation to conduct business in a safe and efficient manner by achieving their targets through improving their risk management processes. The researchers find many gaps in the appropriate disclosure of risk by the organisations. Many surveys have been conducted, a wide variety of studies and interviews from the information users and shareholders have pointed out towards gaps in the currently disclosed information. The demand of provision of accurate and timely information is increasing.Business reporting effect people from every work of life an effective allocation of resources strengthens an economy by promoting productivity, innovations and an efficient and liquid market. Adequate information plays an important role in reporting the risks and opportunities of investing in business venture. To make effective decisions people need accurate information. The completeness and timeliness of information en hances the probability of taking the most appropriate decisions by the investors.Perhaps the foremost social and ethical responsibility levied upon private and public organisation in recent decades is the adoption of fair and just accounting practices. This responsibility is being increasingly codified in laws and various accounting standards. Its influence is becoming increasingly pervasive through a constant series of new and improved standards as well as steady enlargement in the size and scope of administering agencies.The voluntary disclosure of information by the companies will lead to the competitive advantage for the company in the market and will provide help to gain enormous amounts of capital all over the world. US Regulations for Risk disclosure: The US GAAP was founded in 1930 after one year of the historical depression in the US stock market in 1929. Till 1934 the companies kept on disclosing the information voluntarily. SEC was established in 1934 with the authority t o establish the accounting standards but also to make sure that these standards are used in the preparation of the disclosures.Since the issue was very complex the private sector also started assisting the SEC in 1938 in order to settle the accounting standards. The most important and unique characteristic of the US GAAP is that its strength is tested in the market in which retail investors with banks and entrepreneurs invest. Now FASB is responsible to set US accounting standards. The ultimate responsibility of protecting the interest of the financial information users lies on SEC and it is fulfilling its functions since decades by constantly forming and developing set of accounting standards according to changing needs.A history of 70 years of interpretation and implementation of US GAAP in different industries has make it one of the most reliable and applicable set of standards. This application of 70 years has helped the accounting practitioners and professionals in filling the gaps and flaws in these standards which has not make them perfect but improved their reliability and tested their strength. The main hurdle in the way of adoption of IFRS for US is that the application and strength of IFRS is not tested for as long as the US GAAP.IFRS are relatively newly developed as compare to US GAAP. The decision to change the US GAAP into the IFRS cannot be taken in a snapshot the process will be time taking, as a huge change is needed to be brought. The EU adoption of the IFRS was very steady and easier as compare to the US. This is because the unification of 25 countries in a union with different economic, cultural and social background is a big task in itself hence the change of accounting standards is a relatively important but small part of it.Despite all the differences in the financial market environment the U. S see the implementation of the IFRS as an opportunity to implement and introduce the better standards to improve the creditors accessibility. Th e process of convergence has started of the U. S GAAP in the IFRS, which will come to success if mutual consensus will be developed. The cutting edge IFRS has that they have prepared by the most experienced and brilliant accounting professionals but has a negative point of not having a long history of implementation and strength testing.International Accounting Standards: In the January of the year 2006 the accounts of all the listed companies shifted to the International Financial Reporting Standards. Under the International Financial Reporting standards all the listed companies should present their fair information regarding the company’s financial position, performance and cash flows. Despite the pressure from the International accounting agencies, some of the Governments are still reluctant to impose International accounting standards in their stock markets.Although there are big differences in the accounting standards in most of the economies of the world but the main ai m of all the accounting systems is to ensure fair and transparent corporate governance and financial reporting. The adoption of the International standards will lead to decrease in the accounting scandals and increase the adoption of common standard all over the world. Conclusion: Degree of Information varies largely from institution to institution. The amount of information made available to the shareholders largely depends upon the volume of financial instruments and the type of financial instruments used by the company.It is estimated that the shareholders of a financial institution is more required to have the risk related information as compare to that of the shareholder of an industrial company. Financial risks are the important part of the financial business operations on the other hands it is generally a by-product of an industrial company’s daily business. At the very minimum, a company should keep shareholders informed about the types of financial instruments used a nd their purposes.It must make a distinction between instruments that are used for hedging and those that are not, as well as the relevant accounting policies. It should disclose the notional principal of these instruments, their maturity, cash requirements, market value and credit risk. It should also tell shareholders how the firm monitors the values of these instruments. Where possible, firms should also disclose the firm’s market risks; if quantitative information is not possible then a qualitative discussion should be included. (13 Questions on Risk Management)

Getting To Yes

I played the part of the agent for this exercise and Chloe played the role of business manager. In this case, I was trying to negotiate a deal for Sally Soprano. Basically my job was to make sure that she got the lead role of Norma. Sally did not care how much she was going to get paid; she just wanted the role because it was going to revitalize her career. This lead role would then give her momentum to get into different mediums such as movies and television.Right off the bat in the negotiations I tried to separate the person from the problem. Instead of coming right out and telling Chloe that I wanted this, this, and this, I asked her about what she thought about Sally and how she might affect the show. I also asked her about what she felt about having Sally be the lead performer instead of telling her how great Sally would be for the part. I wanted to make sure that we talked about all of the outstanding issues at hand before we even started negotiating about who get what in the s ituation.While I was using this technique I felt that Chloe was becoming much more comfortable with my approach and me. Instead of putting her on the defensive and guarding her position. I felt that she was much more willing to work with me and cooperate on the negotiations. It worked because in the end I feel like we came to a deal that worked very well for all parties involved.I remember Chloe using the technique of generating options for mutual gain. So my main goal we discovered was to make sure that Sally Soprano could have enough publicity that would launch her into tv and movies. Chloe wanted to make sure the theatre could sustain itself and stay financially viable. So we exchanged many different ideas about how we could both mutually benefit from each other. We discussed profit sharing and different ways to split up the money. I had to relay to Chloe that Sally Soprano was a veteran who could guarantee a great show/ performance. Yet Chloe was hesitant to want to sign such an ageing star, this lead to some conflict.A part that I could have used more would have been focusing on interest and not so much on positions. I tried to stay open and accommodating yet I had to hammer home the fact that Sally needed to get the lead role and there was no other way around it. This may have led to some roadblocks in out bargaining and may have been a poor choice on my part. Yet in the end we decided on Sally would get the main part for 18,000 and would be guaranteed three additional shows in the future to ensure that she got the kind of exposure that she wanted.As a person who is new to the GTY method of negotiating I think that separating the people from the problems is the hardest part of negotiating with this new technique. Some people are hard wired into thinking that they must fight for what they have to get and are on the opposite team as the other person. Yet I feel like what GTY teaches most is making deals the benefit both parties involved. Which in the end i s what both people want.